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早洩發生的型態,可以大略分為兩類原發性(終身性,primary or lifelong)早洩及後天性(acquired)早洩。原發性的的早洩是指男性從第一次性經驗開始,就有早洩問題;而後天性早洩是指原本沒有早洩的問題,之後在某個時間點開始出現早洩的問題。進入陰道後至射精之間的延遲時間(陰道內射精延遲時間(intravaginal ejaculation latency time, IELT)常被建議作為客觀的診斷標準和治療結果衡量標準,但是單獨採用IELT尚不足以定義早洩,過去對於早洩的診斷也常存爭議。多數的研究發現,男性的IELT平均為4-7分鐘, Strassberg等學者在1990初期提議若是一個男性在一半以上的性行為中,IELT少於兩分鐘即符合早洩的診斷;其他學者則認為IELT少於一分鐘才符合早洩的診斷。
早洩的診斷依據
早洩的診斷依據包括射精延遲時間(intravaginal ejaculatory latency time, IELT)縮短、射精控制不良、性行為滿意度低、以及因此病症而苦惱等病史。根據精神疾病診斷及統計手冊(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)的定義,早發性射精是一種持續或反覆發生的射精模式。在與伴侶進行性行為時,進入陰道後大約 1分鐘內、在個人希望射精之前即已提早射精。這種症狀必須持續超過至少6個月,並且幾乎每次(大約75% – 100%)的性行為都會發生。臨床上此症狀已造成個人明顯的苦惱。(DSM-V-TR, 2012 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013))
目前大多採用國際性醫學學會(International Society for Sexual Medicine, ISSM)於2014年發表對於早洩的定義,其定義早洩為一種男性性功能障礙。原發性早洩(終身性早洩)為幾乎每次進入陰道前、或進入陰道後一分鐘內即無法控制而射精。後天性早洩(acquired)則時常發生於進入陰道後三分鐘內即無法控制而射精,臨床上射精延遲時間明顯縮短且令人困擾。而且,幾乎每次進入陰道都無法延遲射精,對個人造成負面效應,例如苦惱困擾、挫折沮喪或逃避親密的性行為。對於早洩,這是首次有實證醫學根據的定義。(國際性醫學會,2014 年)
全身麻醉採用吸入性麻醉氣體合併點滴注射藥物方式,借助醫療儀器及器材幫助呼吸,使病人進入安眠、無知覺的狀態,在肌肉放鬆狀態下進行外科手術。通常包含經氣管插管全身麻醉(endotracheal general anesthesia)、面罩式全身麻醉(general anesthesia with mask) 及靜脈注射全身麻醉(intravenous general anesthesia)。全身麻醉後可能出現的症狀包括喉嚨痛、頭痛、聲音吵啞、暈眩、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐及疲倦等,一般在幾天內逐漸復原。
Hsu GL, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Chen HS, Ling PY, Wen HS, Liu LJ, Chen CW, Chua C. The advancement of pure local anesthesia for penile surgeries: can an outpatient basis be sustainable (純粹局部麻醉施行陰莖手術的新進展) Journal of Andrology. 28(1):200-205, 2007.
Hsu GL, Zaid UX, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Huang SJ. Acupuncture assisted local anesthesia for penile surgeries (針灸輔助局部麻醉下施行陰莖手術). Translational Andrology and Urology. 2(4):291-300, 2013.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Hsieh CH(謝政興), Chen HS, Ling PY, Wen HS, Liu LJ, Chen CW, Chua C. The advancement of pure local anesthesia for penile surgeries: can an outpatient basis be sustainable (純粹局部麻醉施行陰莖手術的新進展). Journal of Andrology. 28(1):200-205, 2007.
Hsu GL, Zaid UX, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Huang SJ. Acupuncture assisted local anesthesia for penile surgeries (針灸輔助局部麻醉下施行陰莖手術). Translational Andrology and Urology. 2(4):291-300, 2013.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Hsieh CH(謝政興), Wen HS, Hsu WL, Chen YC, Chen RM, Chen SC, Hsieh JT. The effect of electrocoagulation on the sinusoids in the human penis (電燒止血對於人類陰莖海綿體的影響). Journal of Andrology. 25(6):954-959, 2004.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Hsieh CH(謝政興), Wen HS, Chiang HS. Penile venous anatomy: application to surgery for erectile disturbance (陰莖靜脈解剖構造:在勃起功能障礙手術中的應用). Asian Journal of Andrology. 4(1):61-66, 2002.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Hsieh CH(謝政興), Wen HS, Chen YC, Chen SC, Mok MS. Penile venous anatomy: an additional description and its clinical implication (陰莖靜脈解剖構造:附加描述及其臨床意涵). J Androl. 2003; 24: 921-927.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Hsieh CH(謝政興), Wen HS, Hsu WL, Wu CH, Fong TH, Chen SC, Tseng GF. Anatomy of the human penis: the relationship of the architecture between skeletal and smooth muscles (人類陰莖解剖構造:骨骼肌和平滑肌之間的結構關係). Journal of Andrology. 25:426-431, 2004.
Hsieh CH(謝政興), Wang CJ, Hsu GL(許耕榕), Chen SC, Ling PY, Wang T, Fong TH, Tseng GF. Penile veins play a pivotal role in erection: the hemodynamic evidence (陰莖靜脈在勃起中扮演關鍵角色:血液動力學上的證據). International Journal of Andrology. 28(2):88-92, 2005.
Chen SC, Hsieh CH(謝政興), Hsu GL(許耕榕), Wang CJ, Wen HS, Ling PY, Huang HM, Tseng GF. The progression of the penile vein: could it be recurrent (陰莖靜脈的進展:陰莖靜脈手術後是否會復發)? Journal of Andrology. 26(1):53-60, 2005.
Wen HS, Hsieh CH(謝政興), Hsu GL(許耕榕), Kao YC, Ling PY, Huang HM, Wang CJ, Einhorn EF. The synergism of penile venous surgery and oral sildenafil in treating patients with erectile dysfunction (陰莖靜脈截除手術與口服威而剛治療勃起功能障礙的協同作用). International Journal of Andrology. 28(5):297-303, 2005.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Chen HS, Hsieh CH(謝政興), Lin PL, Wen HS, Liu LJ, Chen CW, Liu MW. Insufficient response to venous stripping surgery: is the penile vein recurrent or residual (陰莖靜脈截除手術後反應不佳:陰莖靜脈復發或殘留?). Journal of Andrology. 27(5):700-706, 2006.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Chen HS, Hsieh CH(謝政興), Lee WY, Chen KL and Chang CH. Salvaging penile venous stripping surgery (陰莖靜脈截除挽救手術). Journal of Andrology. 31(3):250-260, 2010.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Chen HS, Hsieh CH(謝政興), Lee WY, Chen KL and Chang CH. Clinical experience of a refined penile venous stripping surgery procedure for patients with erectile dysfunction: is it a viable option (精煉的改良式陰莖靜脈截除手術治療勃起功能障礙的臨床經驗:手術是可行的選擇?). Journal of Andrology. 31(3):271-280, 2010.
Hsu GL(許耕榕), Hung YP, Tsai MH, Hsieh CH(謝政興), Chen HS, Molodysky E, Huynh CC, Yu HJ. Penile veins are the principal component in erectile rigidity: a study of penile venous stripping on defrosted human cadaver (陰莖靜脈是達成勃起硬度的主要因素:在解凍的人類屍體上進行陰莖靜脈截除手術的研究). Journal of Andrology. 33:1176-1185, 2012.
Hsieh CH(謝政興), Hsieh JT, Chang SJ, Chiang IN, Yang SSD. Penile venous surgery for treating erectile dysfunction: past, present, and future perspectives with regard to new insights in venous anatomy (陰莖靜脈手術治療勃起功能障礙的過去、現在與未來:陰莖靜脈解剖學的新見解). Urological Science. 27(2):60-65, 2016.
Hsieh CH(謝政興), Hsu GL(許耕榕), Chang SJ, Yang SSD, Liu SP, Hsieh JT. Surgical niche for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (手術治療勃起功能障礙的利基). International Journal of Urology. 2020; 27: 117-133.
書籍著作
Cheng-Hsing Hsieh (謝政興), Geng-Long Hsu. Current role of vascular surgery (arterial and venous) in erectile dysfunction (當前動脈及靜脈血管手術在勃起功能障礙中的角色), in INTERNATIONAL BOOK OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION, M.L. Djordjevic and F.E. Martins, Editors. 2016, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: New York. chap. 9, pp. 129-157. ISBN: 978-1-63485-289-0
Geng-Long Hsu, Cheng-Hsing Hsieh (謝政興), Eric Allaire. Vascular (Arterial and Venous) Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction (血管(動脈與靜脈)手術治療勃起功能障礙), in Textbook of Male Genitourethral Reconstruction, Francisco E. Martins, Sanjay B. Kulkarni and Tobias S. Köhler, Editors. 2020, Springer Nature: Switzerland AG. chap. 50, pp. 663-678. ISBN: 978-3030214463
Cheng-Hsing Hsieh (謝政興)、Geng-Long Hsu (許耕榕). 治療勃起功能障礙 – 手術治療(Erectile Dysfunction – Surgical Management).書名:男性性功能障礙 – 臨床診治全攻略 (Male Sexual Dysfunction – A Complete Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment), 陳煜、簡邦平、蔡維恭、陳卷書編輯. 合記圖書出版社, 2023. 第三篇,第17章,頁245-262.
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